The basic lattice structure of metals and their alloys seem to be a good index to their relative forgeability or work - ability. Forgeability increases with temperatures up to a point at which a second phase, e.g., from ferrite to austenite in steel , appears or if grain growth becomes excessive. Certain mechanical properties also influence forgeability. Metals, which have low ductility have reduced forgeability at higher strain rates, whereas highly ductile metals are not so strongly affected by increasing strain rates. The product designer as a wide variety of metals or alloys from which to choose the materials for forged parts. Most forging grades of ferrous or non-ferrous alloys are selected based on their inherent property levels as bar or billet materials, usually after heat treatments are performed. the forging process tends to improve some of the mechanical properties , such as impact toughness, fatigue strength, and tensile ductility, which are dependent on the gain flow patterns developed during forging. Some alloys are relatively easy to forge and may be used to make components with very intricate features. Grade that are more difficult to forge require distinct design approaches. Forgeability , thus can be defined as "the relative ability of a material to deform without rupture."
Various types of melting furnaces are used in different foundry shops, depending upon the quantity of metal to be melted at a time, and the nature of work that is carried out in the shop. The primary objective in cupola is to produce iron of desired composition, temperature and properties at the required rate in the most economical manner. Besides, this furnace has many distinct advantages over the other types, e.g., simplicity of operation, continuity of production, and increased output coupled with a high degree of efficiency. Description Of a Cupola : The Cupola Furnace consists of a vertical, cylindrical steel sheet, 6 to 12 mm thick, and lined inside with acid refractory bricks or acid tamping clay. The refractory bricks or the tamping clay used consist of silicon oxide acid (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3). The lining is generally thicker in the lower where the temperatures encountered are higher than in the upper region. The shell is mounted either on a brick work fo...
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