In the case of the permanent pyrometer, Segar cones are used as temporary means for determining approximate temperatures. The cones are pyramidal in shape, made from mixtures of kaolin, lime, feldspar, magnesia, quartz and boric acid , each cone melting at a predetermined temperature arranged in steps from 600 to 2000*C. When a furnace temperature is required, several of these cones, within the required temperature range, are put in the furnace and observed. The temperature is judged from which the cone collapses, and which remain unaffected by the heat of the furnace. For example, to verify an approximate temperature of 825*C, cones having melting points of 700, 750, 800 and 850*C are put in the furnace and the temperature is ascertained from their condition after sufficient time has elapsed for them to be effected.
Various types of melting furnaces are used in different foundry shops, depending upon the quantity of metal to be melted at a time, and the nature of work that is carried out in the shop. The primary objective in cupola is to produce iron of desired composition, temperature and properties at the required rate in the most economical manner. Besides, this furnace has many distinct advantages over the other types, e.g., simplicity of operation, continuity of production, and increased output coupled with a high degree of efficiency. Description Of a Cupola : The Cupola Furnace consists of a vertical, cylindrical steel sheet, 6 to 12 mm thick, and lined inside with acid refractory bricks or acid tamping clay. The refractory bricks or the tamping clay used consist of silicon oxide acid (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3). The lining is generally thicker in the lower where the temperatures encountered are higher than in the upper region. The shell is mounted either on a brick work fo...
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